Consider COVID-19 when a child presents with severe croup in summer

Document Type : Case Report

Authors

1 Shahid beheshti university of medical sciences

2 Bone, joint and related tissues research center, Tehran, Iran

3 Department of Pediatrics Emergency, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

4 Pediatric Infections Research Center, Mofid Children’s Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

5 Department of Pediatrics Pulmonary Diseases, Mofid Children’s Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly disseminated worldwide. In children, the most prevalent manifestations of COVID-19 are fever, cough, and fatigue.
Case presentation: Here, we describe a case of croup secondary to COVID-19 with a preexisting laryngomalacia who presented with fever, dyspnea, and severe cough. The patient had respiratory stridor and diffuse wheezing on lung auscultation.
Conclusions: Although a certain association between COVID-19 and croup has yet to be proven; but as it showed, SARS-CoV-2, like other viruses, can be a leading cause of croup. Therefore, we suggest in children with croup and upper airway symptoms, SARS-CoV-2 infection be ruled out.

Keywords

References

  1. Adil MT, Rahman R, Whitelaw D, Jain V, Al-Taan O, Rashid F, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and the pandemic of COVID-19. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2021;97(1144):110.
  2. Castagnoli R, Votto M, Licari A, Brambilla I, Bruno R, Perlini S, et al. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. JAMA pediatrics. 2020.
  3. Hoang A, Chorath K, Moreira A, Evans M, Burmeister-Morton F, Burmeister F, et al. COVID-19 in 7780 pediatric patients: A systematic review. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;24.
  4. Bjornson CL, Johnson DW. Croup. Lancet. 2008;371(9609):329-39.
  5. Bjornson CL, Johnson DW. Croup in children. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne. 2013;185(15):1317-23.
  6. Knutson D, Aring A. Viral croup. American family physician. 2004;69(3):535-40.
  7. Sobol SE, Zapata S. Epiglottitis and croup. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America. 2008;41(3):551-66, ix.
  8. Malhotra A, Krilov LR. Viral croup. Pediatrics in review. 2001;22(1):5-12.
  9. Klassen TP. Croup. A current perspective. Pediatric clinics of North America. 1999;46(6):1167-78.
  10. Cherry JD. Clinical practice. Croup. The New England journal of medicine. 2008;358(4):384-91.
  11. Miller EK, Gebretsadik T, Carroll KN, Dupont WD, Mohamed YA, Morin LL, et al. Viral etiologies of infant bronchiolitis, croup and upper respiratory illness during 4 consecutive years. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(9):950-5.
  12. Ottolini MG, Porter DD, Blanco JC, Prince GA. A cotton rat model of human parainfluenza 3 laryngotracheitis: virus growth, pathology, and therapy. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2002;186(12):1713-7.
  13. Worrall G. Croup. Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien. 2008;54(4):573-4.
  14. Hoa M, Kingsley EL, Coticchia JM. Correlating the clinical course of recurrent croup with endoscopic findings: a retrospective observational study. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology. 2008;117(6):464-9.
  15. Florek D, Burmistrz M, Potempa J, Pyrc K. Stability of infectious human coronavirus NL63. Journal of virological methods. 2014;205:87-90.
  16. Hofmann H, Pyrc K, van der Hoek L, Geier M, Berkhout B, Pöhlmann S. Human coronavirus NL63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2005;102(22):7988-93.
  17. Lim CC, Saniasiaya J, Kulasegarah J. Croup and COVID-19 in a child: a case report and literature review. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(9).
  18. Park S, You J, Lee J, Park E. Two Case Reports of Life-Threatening Croup Caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 Variant in Pediatric Patients. J Korean Med Sci. 2022;37(24):e192.
  19. Venn AMR, Schmidt JM, Mullan PC. Pediatric croup with COVID-19. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;43:287.e1-.e3.
  20. Li Y, Zhou W, Yang L, You R. Physiological and pathological regulation of ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 receptor. Pharmacological research. 2020;157:104833.
  21. Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Zuo W. Single-Cell RNA Expression Profiling of ACE2, the Receptor of SARS-CoV-2. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2020;202(5):756-9.
  22. Jia HP, Look DC, Shi L, Hickey M, Pewe L, Netland J, et al. ACE2 receptor expression and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection depend on differentiation of human airway epithelia. Journal of virology. 2005;79(23):14614-21.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 16 April 2022
  • Revise Date: 23 July 2022
  • Accept Date: 17 August 2022
  • First Publish Date: 01 March 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics