Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Student Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction:
Hearing loss either prelingual or postlingual is one of the most common causes of sensory defect. The incidence rate of hearing loss is 1 to 3 cases in 1000, and the age range of children with hearing loss is between 1 month to 3 years [1]. The mean age of hearing loss is 2.5 years in the United States, but many children are not diagnosed for 6 years. Profound hearing loss is the highest degree of hearing loss (more than 90 dB) [2-4]. Cochlear implantation (CI) surgery is a cost-benefit treatment of bilateral profound hearing loss [4, 5]. The age limitation of surgery is various in different studies, but the treatment should be as soon as possible because of perception and intelligence of speech development forming in the infancy [6]. Previous studies showed that there is a significant reverse association between age and acquired communication skills [7, 8].
Nowadays, the indications of CI surgery are extended due to improvement of the surgical techniques and the high success rate of surgeries. The most common indication of elective surgery is when unaided children pure tone audiogram threshold is more than 90 dB. The uncommon indications are cochlear nerve malformation, acquired dysmorphic inner ear, when associated with some types of disabilities and mode of communication [5]. Pure tone audiometry is a behavioral test that measures hearing sensitivity and involves peripheral and central auditory systems.
Many complications of CI surgery occur during operation such as injury to facial or chorda tympani nerve and the others are postoperative such as hematoma, device failure, and infections. Complications after surgery are major and minor and there is no significant difference between adults and children. Majors are related to surgical techniques. Major complications are necrosis, electrode changes, and facial nerve problems and minor complications include dehiscence of incisions, infections, dizziness, and device failure. Infectious complications include meningitis, otitis media, infections due to wounds and mastoiditis [3, 9].
Infectious complications after cochlear implantation surgery are very important and common. There are few studies demonstrating the infectious complications rate in children with various age and sex groups. The related studies have shown that major complication rate is lower in younger individuals but many studies with complete failure or re-implantation were unrelated with age [10].
The aim of current study is to show the prevalence of infectious complications after surgery and to evaluate complications in different age and sex ranges.
Patients and methods:
In this cross-sectional study, all of the profoundly deaf patients who underwent CI surgery during two years from March 2015 to July 2017 at the Baqiyatallah cochlear implantation center, Tehran, Iran entered the study. The patients were followed up for 6 months after surgery. All of the complications after surgery were recorded in a pre-designed checklist. The study was performed in accordance with ethical principles of the Helsinki Declaration and approved by the ethics committee of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences [6]. Indications of CI surgery were bilateral severe to profound hearing loss with pure tone testing (PTA) of more than 90 dB in better ear and subjects in whom hearing aid did not improve hearing (recognition with parent survey in children younger than 5). Demographic information of patients was collected from the data center of Baqiyatallah cochlear implantation center. Many patients were recalled to complete the missing information. Patients with insufficient information and hospitalization for concurrent disorders at the time of surgery and also children older than 5 years old were excluded from the study. Patients were followed up by an otolaryngologist after surgery. Infections such as wound infection, otitis media, mastoiditis and meningitis were recorded during follow-up. Wound infection was diagnosed by clinical signs and symptoms such as erythema, edema, heat, purulent exudate and pain. Diagnosis of Otitis media was also made clinically using an otoscopy examination. Meningitis was diagnosed by spinal tap and pressure of CSF.
Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (version 21, IBM Corp, Armonk, NY) and reported using mean (SD), number, percent and analyzed using chi-square test (two-tailed). The p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Normal distribution of variables was analyzed using the one-sample Kolmogorov-Simonov test.
Results:
Finally, 364 Patients with mean (± SD) age of 3.25±1.02 years entered the study. 179(49.2%) patients were male and 185 (50.8%) female. Table 1 summarizes the distribution of surgical complications between two genders. Also Table 2 and figure 2 show the frequency of complications in different age groups.
The mean± SD duration of surgery was 2.3±1.5 hours and ranged between 1 and 4. The complications after surgery occurred in 30 (8.2%) cases. The most common complication after CI surgery was otitis media followed by surgical site infection, meningitis, and mastoiditis (figure 1).
Other complications were temporary facial nerve weakness which occurred in 21 (5.7%) cases and device failure in 1 (0.27%) case. The other complications such as nausea, bradycardia, cardiac arrest, Wound dehiscence, hypothermia, surgical site cellulitis, cholesteatoma, scalp hematoma, and atlantoaxial subluxation, were not observed.
Table 1: Distribution of Complications in Genders
Gender |
Male 179 |
Female 185 |
Total 364 |
P value* |
Otitis Media |
8 (4.46%) |
13 (7.02%) |
21 (5.76%) |
0.295 |
Wound Infection |
1 (0.55%) |
6 (3.24%) |
7 (1.92%) |
0.049 |
Meningitis |
1 (0.55%) |
1 (0.54%) |
2 (0.54%) |
_** |
Mastoiditis |
0 (0%) |
0 (0%) |
0 (0%) |
_** |
* The P value shows the relationship between gender and type of infections.
** Not analyzed the relationship between gender and mentioned infections because of low incidence in patients.
Table 2: Age Groups and Complications
Age Groups Subject Numbers |
17
|
1-2 years 62 |
2-3 years 66 |
3-4 years 68 |
>4 years 151 |
Total 364 |
*P value |
Otitis Media |
1 (5%) |
2 (3.2%) |
1 (1.6%) |
1 (1.5%) |
16 (10.5%) |
21 (5.8%) |
0.021 |
Wound Infection |
0 (0%) |
0(0%) |
1 (1.6%) |
1 (1.5%) |
5 (3.3%) |
7 (1.9%) |
0.521 |
Meningitis |
0 (0%) |
1 (1.6%) |
0 (0%) |
0 (0%) |
1 (0.7%) |
2 (0. 5%) |
0.708 |
Mastoiditis |
0 (0%) |
0 (0%) |
0 (0%) |
0 (0%) |
0 (0%) |
0 (0%) |
_** |
Total |
1 (5%) |
3 (4.8%) |
2 (3.2%) |
2 (3%) |
22 (14.4%) |
30 (8.2%) |
_ |
*The P value shows relationship between age groups and type of infections.
** We cannot analyze the relationship between age groups and mastoiditis because of low incidence in patients.
Table 3. Comparison of Our Study with Previous Studies Regarding Prevalence of Infection in Children
No. |
Study; year |
Sample size |
Male (%) |
Mean age |
Total infection |
Otitis Media |
Wound infection |
Meningitis |
Mastoiditis |
1 |
Kempf et la.;1999 [12] |
366 |
- |
4.3 |
22(6.01%) |
16(4.37%) |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
Cunningham et al.; 2004 [14] |
272 |
- |
- |
16(5.88%) |
2(0.73%) |
14(5.14%) |
0 |
- |
3 |
Venail et al.; 2008 [13] |
322 |
50% |
5.7 |
9(2.79%) |
5(1.6%) |
2(0.6%) |
0 |
2(0.6%) |
4 |
Javia, Luv, et al.;2014[16] |
235 |
49.4% |
4.5 |
14.9% |
1)0.42%) |
2(0.85%) |
0 |
4(1.7%) |
5 |
Current study |
364 |
49.2% |
3.25 |
30(8.2%) |
21(5.8%) |
7(1.9%) |
2(0.5%) |
0 |
Figure 1: Infectious complications after surgery in two genders.
Figure 2: Infectious complications after surgery in different age groups.
Discussion:
Due to new indications of CI surgery, nowadays, more patients are using such devices [11]. Therefore, understanding the rate of complications after surgery is of more important than previous. In this study, the prevalence of infectious complications after surgery was 8.2% which was higher than the reported rate in Kempf et al. study [12]. They only have investigated the prevalence of otitis media, not the other infections. In another study, the prevalence of all types of infections after surgery were assessed and the rate of complications was also lower than our study (2.79% vs. 8.2%) [13]. According to this study, such as our study, otitis media was more prevalent than the other infectious complications. It was not in line with Cunningham, et al. study. [14] Also, we found that otitis media is the only infection that increases significantly with age. Hence, prophylaxis against otitis media is very important, especially in older children. We found that the prevalence of otitis media is not different in male and female patients; however, there was an association between gender and wound infection. On the other side, there was a significant difference between age groups and prevalence otitis media. But, there was no significant association between age and other infections. This study showed a significant increase in otitis media incidence complication in 4 to 5 year-old children.
Another common complication after surgery was wound infection which occurred significantly fewer than Cunningham, et al. study. This may be due to higher techniques in designing of wound flap in recent years which have significantly decreased the rate of wound infections than previous studies [15, 16].
There was no report of mastoiditis among patients. However, in Javia, Luv, et al. study, they reported mastoiditis in 1.7% of patients after surgery. As we know, there is an association between otitis media and mastoiditis. But, low incidence of presenting otitis media in Javia Luv, et al. study cannot justify the high number of patients who presented with mastoiditis and high rate of otitis media cannot justify any report of mastoiditis in the current study [16, 17, 18].
Wound infection was significantly more occurred in female patients. But meningitis occurred equally in both genders.
The limitation of this study was excluding some patients from the study. We excluded 12 patients because they did not attend to the hospital for 6- month follow up. The rate of post-operative infections was higher than in the same studies. The study shows the requirement of better management against infections.
Conclusion:
Eventually, owing to low rates of complications after surgery, our study suggests that cochlear implantation is a low risk surgery in children. However, we recommend performing examinations and preventions before surgery to reduce the rate of infections, especially in higher age ranges and female patients.
Authors’ Contributions:
SN and MSB designed the study and drafted the manuscript. SM helped in manuscript drafting and analysis. SMJH helped in manuscript drafting and dataanalysis. All authors have approved the final version of manuscript.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures:
There are no conflicts of interest in terms of the present manuscript.
Ethical approval/Consideration:
This study was registered at ethics committee of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. A written informed consent was taken from patients’ guardians for participating in this study. All the personal information remained anonymous.